PINC
Based on the concept of the laboratory instrument ZINC, we developed the field instrument PINC with a smaller and lightweight cooling system and a shorter chamber length so that it is easily transportable for field deployment. PINC has a couple of portable refrigerant compressors (Danfoss BD series) to directly cool the walls of the chamber without the use of an intermediate cooling liquid. In this configuration, the instrument is able to measure ambient INP concentrations at conditions as cold as -40 °C and relative humidities exceeding water saturation1.
The instrument has successfully been deployed for field and laboratory studies,1-8 in Switzerland, Germany and Spain. PINC has measured ambient INP concentrations on the external page High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch during several campaigns since 20081,7. It was also deployed for CLACE20136 and CLACE20146, two large campaigns at the Jungfraujoch7 which aimed at investigating mixed-phase cloud properties. Outside of Switzerland, together with our partners from external page AEMET, the external page CALIMA (Cloud Affecting particLes In Mineral dust from the sAhara) 2013 and 2014 campaign at the Izaña Observatory on Tenerife, Spain was conducted. During August of both years, we investigated the effectiveness of mineral dust arriving from the Sahara to act as ice nucleating particles as well as cloud condensation nuclei. In summer 2014 we also measured the chemical composition on a single particle basis with the ATOFMS which allows a better understanding of the INP and CCN activity.
To study immersion mode ice nucleation in PINC, it can be operated in the PIMCA-PINC9 setup, which was recently used in a first field study at an urban-forest site in Zurich. The latest study with PINC8 and PIMCA-PINC10 entailed laboratory investiagtions8 and an inter-comparison10 campaign in Leipzig.
Currently we have no active projects concerning PINC, but we welcome applicants who wish to develop a proposal with ideas of deploying the chamber.
References:
1 Chou, C., Stetzer, O., Weingartner, E., Juranyi, Z., Kanji, Z. A. and Lohmann, U. Ice Nuclei Properties within a Saharan dust event at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps (2011). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(10), 4725-4738, external page DOI:10.5194/acp-11-4725-2011
2 Chou, C., Kanji, Z. A., Stetzer, O., Tritscher, T., Chirico, R., Heringa, M. F., Weingartner, E., Prévôt, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., and U. Lohmann. Effect of photochemical ageing on the ice nucleation properties of diesel and wood burning particles (2013). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , 13, 761-772, external page DOI:10.5194/acp-13-761-2013
3 Kanji, Z. A., A. Welti, C. Chou, O. Stetzer and U. Lohmann. Laboratory studies of immersion and deposition mode ice nucleation of ozone aged mineral dust particles (2013). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 9097 – 9118, external page DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-9097-2013.
4 Wex, H., S. Augustin-Bauditz, Y. Boose, C. Budke, J. Curtius, K. Diehl, A. Dreyer, F. Frank, S. Hartmann, N. Hiranuma, E. Jantsch, Z. A. Kanji, A. Kiselev, T. Koop, O. Möhler, D. Niedermeier, B. Nillius, M. Rösch, D. Rose, C. Schmidt, I. Steinke, and F. Stratmann. Intercomparing different devices for the investigation of ice nucleating particles using Snomax® as test substance (2015), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 1463-1485, external page DOI:10.5194/acp-15-1463-2015.
5 Hiranuma, N., Augustin-Bauditz, S., Bingemer, H., Budke, C., Curtius, J., Danielczok, A., Diehl, K., Dreischmeier, K., Ebert, M., Frank, F., Hoffmann, N., Kandler, K., Kiselev, A., Koop, T., Leisner, T., Möhler, O., Nillius, B., Peckhaus, A., Rose, D., Weinbruch, S., Wex, H., Boose, Y., DeMott, P. J., Hader, J. D., Hill, T. C. J., Kanji, Z. A., Kulkarni, G., Levin, E. J. T., McCluskey, C. S., Murakami, M., Murray, B. J., Niedermeier, D., Petters, M. D., O'Sullivan, D., Saito, A., Schill, G. P., Tajiri, T., Tolbert, M. A., Welti, A., Whale, T. F., Wright, T. P., and K. Yamashita. A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles: a comparison of seventeen ice nucleation measurement techniques (2015), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 2489 - 2518, external page DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015
6Boose, Y., Sierau, B., García, M. I., Rodríguez, S., Alastuey, A., Linke, C., Schnaiter, M., Kupiszewski, P., Kanji, Z. A., and U. Lohmann. Ice nucleating particles in the Saharan Air Layer (2016), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 9067-9087, DOI:10.5194/acp-16-9067-2016.
7Boose, Y., Kanji, Z. A., Kohn, M., Sierau, B., Zipori, A., Crawford, I., Lloyd, G., Bukowiecki, N., Herrmann, E. and P. Kupiszewski. Ice nucleating particle measurements at 241 K during winter months at 3580 m a.s.l. in the Swiss Alps (2016), Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0236.1
8Paramonov, M., R. O. David, R. Kretzschmar, and Z. A. Kanji*. A laboratory investigation of the ice nucleation efficiency of three types of mineral and soil dust (2018), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18, 16515 - 16536, external page DOI: 10.5194/acp-2018-543
9Kohn, M., Welti, A., Lohmann, U. and Z. A. Kanji. Immersion mode ice nucleation measurements with the new Portable Immersion Mode Cooling chAmber (PIMCA) (2016), Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 121, 4713-4733, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD024761.
10Burkert-Kohn, M., Wex, H., Welti, A., Hartmann, S., Grawe, S., Hellner, L., Herenz, P., Atkinson, J. D., Stratmann, F., and Kanji, Z. A. Leipzig Ice Nucleation chamber Comparison (LINC): Inter-comparison of four online ice nucleation counters (2017), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 11683-11705, DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11683-2017